Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Kỹ thuật điện (Phần 1) - Nguyễn Quốc Hùng

 Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Kỹ thuật điện i
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ENGLISH 
FOR 
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 
Cố vấn chương trình : Nguyễn Quốc Hùng, M.A 
Biên soạn : Nguyễn Thị Bắc, M.A 
 Trần Hương Giang, M.A 
 Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Kỹ thuật điện ii
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CONTENTS 
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1
TABLE OF CONTENT........................................................................................................2 
Unit 1: magnetism ........................................................................................................7 
Unit 2: electromagnetic field.............................................................................10 
Unit 3: electromagnetic induction ...................................................................14 
Unit 4: transformers ..............................................................................................18 
Unit 5: electricity generation............................................................................23 
Unit 6: Electric Motors..........................................................................................27 
Unit 7: Batteries ........................................................................................................32 
Unit 8: Incandescent light bulb..........................................................................37 
Unit 9: Circuit breaker ...........................................................................................42 
Unit 10: Rectifier .......................................................................................................47 
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................52 
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INTRODUCTION 
1. The authors 
The course is designed by two teachers of English at Hanoi University of 
technology, Ms. Tran Huong Giang and Ms. Nguyen Thi Bac. They both have 
Masters Degree in English language. They have a lot of experience in teaching 
English in general and English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in particualar. They 
also have experience in designing materials for different courses. 
2. The course 
English for Electrical Engineering is a course on English for Specific Purposes 
(ESP) designed to develop the English skills and basic knowledge in electronics 
for technical students and engineers who work in the field. This textbook is 
intended for learners who begin to take the course of English in electronics. The 
most important aim of the course is to help students develop the ability to deal 
with the concepts used in technical texts. 
The book consists of ten units which can be completed in twenty 45 minute class 
hours. The units are organized around the various topics used in electronics 
field. The skills are introduced as they relate to the topic. Each unit in the book 
is divided into different sections: 
Vocabulary and Pronunciation: This consists of three exercises which 
provide new terms related to the topic. 
Reading: There are two or three exercises in this part which contain 
comprehension questions to help students understand the reading text 
better. 
Language Focus: This sections introduces theory and practice on certain 
grammatical or vocabulary feature. 
Listening: This part provides exercises to improve students’ listening 
skills. 
Although we hope that you will enjoy working through this textbook, we do not 
expect you find it easy. If you have any questions regarding the course, please 
do not be hesitating to contact us. We are always happy to share with you our 
expertise and experience of studying this subject. 
Business English Academy 
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TABLE OF CONTENT 
Unit Skills Activities 
Unit 1 
Magnetism 
Vocabulary and 
Pronunciation 
Exercise 1 Match English terms 
and Vietnamese translations 
Exercise 2 T.S 1 Listen and 
practise 
Exercise 3 T.S 2 Listen and 
complete the sentences by selecting 
the correct word from the box to fill 
in the gap 
 Listening Exercise 4 T.S 3 Listen and decide 
whether the following sentences are 
true(T) or false (F) 
Exercise 5 T.S 4 Listen and 
choose a correct word from the box 
the fill in the gap 
 Language work 
Exercise 6 Complete the 
sentences by finding the missing 
letters 
Unit 2 
Electromagnetic field 
Vocabulary and 
Pronunciation 
Exercise 1 Match English terms 
and Vietnamese translations 
Exercise 2 T.S 1 Listen and 
practise 
Exercise 3 T.S 2 Listen and 
complete the sentences by selecting 
the correct word from the box to fill 
in the gap 
 listening 
Exercise 4 T.S 3 Listen and 
decide whether the statements are 
true (T) or false (F) 
 reading 
Exercise 5: Choose a correct word 
from the box to fill in the gap 
 Language work 
Exercise 6 Complete the 
sentences by finding the missing 
letters 
Unit 3 Vocabulary and Exercise 1 Match English terms 
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Electromagnetic 
induction 
Pronunciation 
and Vietnamese translations 
Exercise 2 T.S 1 Listen and 
practise 
Exercise 3 T.S 2 Listen and 
complete the sentences by selecting 
the correct word from the box to fill 
in the gap 
 reading 
Exercise 4 Fill in each gap with 
one suitable word 
Exercise 5 Read the text in 
Exercise 4 again and decide 
whether the statements are true (T) 
or false (F) 
 Language work 
Exercise 6 Complete the 
sentences by finding the missing 
letters 
Unit 4 
Transformers 
Vocabulary and 
Pronunciation 
Exercise 1 Match English terms 
and Vietnamese translations 
Exercise 2 T.S 1 Listen and 
practise 
Exercise 3 T.S 2 Listen and 
complete the sentences by selecting 
the correct word from the box to fill 
in the gap 
 Listening 
Exercise 4 T.S 3 Listen and 
decide whether the following 
sentences are true (T) or false (F) 
reading 
Exercise 5 Read the following 
passage carefully and choose the 
right kind of energy loss in a 
transformer according to the 
description. 
 Language work 
Exercise 6 Complete the 
sentences by finding the missing 
letters 
Unit 5 
Electricity generation 
Vocabulary and 
Pronunciation 
Exercise 1 Match English terms 
and Vietnamese translations 
Exercise 2 T.S 1 Listen and 
practise 
Exercise 3 T.S 2 Listen and 
complete the sentences by selecting 
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the correct word from the box to fill 
in the gap 
 listening 
Exercise 4 T.S 3 Listen to the 
following passage and write down 
the missing words 
 reading Exercise 5 Read the following 
passage and choose a suitable word 
from the box to fill in the gap 
 Language work Exercise 6 Complete the 
sentences by finding the missing 
letters 
Unit 6 
Electric Motors 
Vocabulary and 
Pronunciation 
Exercise 1 Match English terms 
and Vietnamese translations 
Exercise 2 T.S 1 Listen and 
practise 
Exercise 3 T.S 2 Listen and 
complete the sentences by selecting 
the correct word from the box to fill 
in the gap 
 reading: 
Exercise 4 Read the passage 
carefully and decide whether the 
statements are true (T) or false (F) 
Exercise 5 Choose a correct 
word to fill in the gap 
 Language work Exercise 6 Complete the 
sentences by finding the missing 
letters 
Unit 7 
Batteries 
Vocabulary and 
Pronunciation 
Exercise 1 Match English terms 
and Vietnamese translations 
Exercise 2 T.S 1 Listen and 
practise 
Exercise 3 T.S 2 Listen and 
complete the sentences by selecting 
the correct word from the box to fill 
in the gap 
 Reading Exercise 4: Are these sentences true 
(T) or false (F)? 
 listening Exercise 5 Listen to T.S3 and fill in the blanks with the words 
given 
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 Language work 
Exercise 6 Match a line in A with 
a line in B to make meaningful 
sentences. 
Exercise 7 Change the following 
sentences into passive 
Unit 8 
Incandescent light bulb 
Vocabulary and 
Pronunciation 
Exercise 1 Match English terms 
and Vietnamese translations 
Exercise 2 T.S 1 Listen and 
practise 
Exercise 3 T.S 2 Listen and 
complete the sentences by selecting 
the correct word from the box to fill 
in the gap 
 listening 
Exercise 4 Listen to T.S3 
and fill in the blanks with the words 
given 
 Reading 
Exercise 5 
Match each on the left with its name 
on the right 
Exercise 6: Are the following 
sententences true (T) or false (F)? 
 Language work: 
Noun phrase (1) 
Exercise 7 Convert each of the 
following clauses into a noun 
phrase 
Exercise 8 Translate the noun 
phrase into Vietnamese 
Unit 9 
Circuit breaker 
Vocabulary and 
Pronunciation 
Exercise 1 Match English terms 
and Vietnamese translations 
Exercise 2 T.S 1 Listen and 
practise 
Exercise 3 T.S 2 Listen and 
complete the sentences by selecting 
the correct word from the box to fill 
in the gap 
 Listening 
Exercise 4 Listen to T.S3 
and fill in the blanks with the words 
given 
 reading Exercise 5: Are the following 
sentences true (T) or false (F)? 
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 Language work: 
Noun phrase (2) 
Exercise 6 Now convert each of 
the following clauses into a noun 
phrase 
Exercise 7 Translate the noun 
phrases into Vietnamese 
Unit 10 
Rectifier 
Vocabulary and 
Pronunciation 
Exercise 1 Match English terms 
and Vietnamese translations 
Exercise 2 T.S 1 Listen and 
practise 
Exercise 3 T.S 2 Listen and 
complete the sentences by selecting 
the correct word from the box to fill 
in the gap 
 listening: 
Exercise 4 Listen to T.S3 
and fill in the blanks with the words 
given 
 Reading 
Exercise 5 Are the following 
sentences true (T) or false (F)? 
 Language work: 
Noun phrase (3) 
Exercise 6 Now convert each of 
the following clauses into a noun 
phrase 
Exercise 7 Translate the noun 
phrase into Vietnamese 
 Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Kỹ thuật điện 7
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 Unit 1 magnetism 
Vocabulary and Pronunciation 
Exercise 1 Match English terms and Vietnamese translations 
English Vietnamese 
1. attractive or repulsive force Hiện tượng từ tính 
2. magnetic properties Cực từ 
3. lodestone Nam châm 
4. magnets Các cực giống nhau 
5. Magnetism La bàn 
6. magnetic field Xoay 
7. magnetic poles Cuộn cảm 
8. compass Nam châm điện 
9. turn Đá nam châm 
10. Like poles Tính chất từ 
11. Electromagnets Từ trường 
12. solenoids Lực hút hoặc lực đẩy 
Exercise 2 T.S 1 Listen and practise 
1. attractive or repulsive force 5. Magnetism 9. turn 
2. magnetic properties 6. magnetic field 10. Like poles 
3. lodestone 7. magnetic poles 11. Electromagnets 
4. magnets 8. compass 12. solenoids 
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Exercise 3 T.S 2 Listen and complete the sentences by selecting the correct 
word from the box to fill in the gap 
attractive or repulsive force magnets solenoids 
magnetic field lodestone turn 
magnetic properties Magnetism magnetic poles 
Electromagnets compass Like poles 
1. Most common objects that are attracted to ..contain iron 
or steel. 
2. The ends of a magnet are called . 
3. The effect of on global warming has not yet been 
researched. 
4. The .of materials are in large part 
determined by the nature and magnitude of the atomic magnetic moments. 
5. A .could be used to show the locations of the poles on 
the Earth. 
Listening 
Exercise 4 T.S 3 Listen and decide whether the following sentences are 
true(T) or false (F) 
1. In fact all materials are affected by a magnetic field at the same degree. 
2. Magnets attract all magnetic objects. 
3. The area around a magnet is called a magnetic field. 
4. Magnetic poles are the ends of a magnet. 
5. All magnet bars have two poles, north and south. 
Exercise 5: T.S 4 Listen and choose a correct word from the box the fill in 
the gap 
magnetic field toward repel two 
electromagnets voltage compass electricity 
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Like poles of two magnets always push away, or(1), each other. 
Different poles attract each other. For example, if the south pole of one magnet 
is put near the south pole of another magnet, the magnets will push away from 
each other. This will also happen with .. (2) north poles. But if a 
north pole is put near a south pole, the magnets will move  
(3) each other until they stick together. 
Magnets have many uses. One use was discovered long ago when explorers 
found out a magnet could be used as a . (4) to show the 
locations of the poles on the Earth. 
Electromagnets are another kind of magnet that only work when 
..(5) is running through them. Often, these magnets function 
using a coil of wire that creates a ... (6) when there is a current 
through it. In addition to this coil of wire, a large piece of metal, generally iron, 
is placed inside the coil to greatly strengthen the magnetic field produced. 
Though most large .(7) employ many solenoids to lift heavy 
objects, smaller solenoids are used in everyday electronics, for example to 
change a .. (8) in a transformer. 
Language work 
Exercise 6 Complete the sentences by finding the missing letters 
1. Many magnetic properties of materials are expressed in terms of the 
magnetic field s..h. 
2. Le refers to A piece of intensely magnetic magnetite 
that was used as an early form of magnetic compass. 
3. Until 1821, only one kind of m..m was known, the one 
produced by iron magnets. 
4. The two ends, which are the regions of concentrated lines of force, are 
called the p.s of the magnet. 
5. A cs is a navigational instrument for finding 
directions on the Earth. 
6. AC e.s can be used to demagnetize objects (like TV 
screens, audio tapes, VCR tapes) or to hold objects. 
7. In physics, the term s..d refers to a loop of wire, often 
wrapped around a metallic core, which produces a magnetic field when an 
electric current is passed through it. 
 Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Kỹ thuật điện 10
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 Unit 2 electromagnetic field 
Vocabulary and Pronunciation 
Exercise 1 Match English terms and Vietnamese translations 
English Vietnamese 
1. electromagnetic field Vùng lân cận 
2. electrically charged object Vật thể tích điện 
3. vicinity Trường điện từ 
4. electromagnetic interaction Tương tác điện từ 
5. stationary charges điện tích chuyển động 
6. moving charges Bức xạ 
7. wavelike điện tích tĩnh 
8. quantum mechanical Giống sóng 
9. radiation Thuật chụp Rơn ghen, chụp X quang 
10. radio astronomy Cơ lượng tử 
11. radiogr ... in the 
conductor. 
2. Joseph Henry and Michael Faraday found that an electric current could be 
induced in a separate conductor if it is placed in a changing magnetic 
field. 
3. Mutual induciton happens when a circuit is placed in changing electric 
field of another circuit. 
4. The operation principle of a transformer is based on self-induction. 
5. Faraday discovered that the electromotive force induced in a closed circuit 
is inversely proportional to the magnetic flux thorugh the circuit. 
LANGUAGE WORK 
Exercise 6 Complete the sentences by finding the missing letters 
1. The term electromagnetic in refers to the generation of 
an electric current by passing a metal wire through a magnetic field. 
2. The purpose of a p.t magnet is to produce flux in the 
working gap of a device. 
3. Magnetic flux is the product of the average magnetic field times the 
p.r area that it penetrates. 
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4. Ml induction is the production of an electromotive force 
in one circuit by a change in current in another circuit. 
5. An induction motor (IM) is a type of as..s AC motor 
where power is supplied to the rotating device by means of 
electromagnetic induction. 
6. The number of t.s of wire directly relates to the strength of 
the magnetic field. 
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 Unit 4 transformers 
Vocabulary and Pronunciation 
Exercise 1 Match English terms and Vietnamese translations 
English Vietnamese 
1. electromagnetism Hiện tượng từ giảo 
2. electromagnetic induction Hiện tượng điện từ 
3. induce Độ thẩm thấu từ 
4. magnetic permeability Cảm ứng điện từ 
5. leakage flux Cảm ứng, sinh ra 
6. Winding resistance Sự nóng lên (nhiệt) do điện trở 
7. resistive heating Từ thông rò rỉ 
8. skin effect Hiệu ứng gần 
9. proximity effect Điện trở của cuộn dây 
10. Hysteresis hiện tượng từ trễ 
11. reverse Đảo chiều 
12. Stray losses Tổn hao do tạp tán 
13. peak flux density Dòng phu cô 
14. Eddy currents Hiệu ứng thoáng qua, nhẹ 
15. Ferromagnetic material Vật liệu sắt từ 
16. short-circuited Mật độ từ thông cao nhất 
17. frictional heating Sự nóng (lên nhiệt) do ma sát 
18. inverse square Đoản mạch 
19. Magnetostriction Bình phương nghịch đảo 
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Exercise 2 T.S 1 Listen and practise 
1. inductively coupled 2. electromagnetism 3. Stray losses 
4. magnetic permeability 5. induce 6. leakage flux 
7. Winding resistance 8. resistive heating 9. skin effect 
10. proximity effect 11. Hysteresis 12. reverse 
13. electromagnetic induction 14. peak flux density 15. Eddy currents 
16. Ferromagnetic material 17. short-circuited 18. frictional heating 
19. inverse square 20. Magnetostriction 
Exercise 3 T.S 2 Listen and complete the sentences by selecting the correct 
word from the box to fill in the gap 
T.S 2 
1. The EMF of a transformer at a given flux density increases with frequency. 
2. Winding resistance dominates load losses, whereas hysteresis and eddy 
currents losses contribute to over 99% of the no-load loss. 
3. Iron losses are caused mostly by hysteresis and eddy current effects in the 
core. 
4. The transformer principle was demonstrated in 1831 by Michael Faraday, 
although he used it only to demonstrate the principle of electromagnetic 
induction and did not foresee its practical uses. 
5. Any leakage flux that intercepts nearby conductive materials such as the 
transformer's support structure will give rise to eddy currents and be converted 
to heat. 
Listening 
Exercise 4 T.S 3 Listen and decide whether the following sentences are 
true (T) or false (F) 
1. A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit 
to another through inductively coupled electrical conductors. 
2. The transformer is based on two principles: firstly that an electric current 
can produce a electric field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a 
 T
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changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the 
ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). 
3. By changing the current in the primary coil, it changes the strength of its 
magnetic field; since the changing magnetic field extends into the 
secondary coil, a voltage is induced across the primary. 
4. A current passing through 
the primary coil creates a 
magnetic field. 
5. The primary and 
secondary coils are 
wrapped around a core of 
very high magnetic 
permeability, such as 
copper. 
6. This ensures that most of 
r
E
oiếng Anh chuyên ngành Kỹ thuật điện 20
the magnetic field lines 
produced by the primary current are within the iron and pass through the 
secondary coil as well as the primary coil. 
An ideal step-down transformer showing magnetic 
flux in the core 
eading Energy losses
xercise 5 Read the following passage carefully and choose the right kind 
f energy loss in a transformer according to the description. 
Transformers are among the most efficient of 
machines, but all exhibit losses. Transformer losses are 
divided into losses as follows: 
Eddy currents 
Winding resistance 
Hysteresis losses 
Magnetostriction 
Stray losses 
Mechanical losses 
1.  
Current flowing through the windings causes resistive 
heating of the conductors. At higher frequencies, skin effect and 
proximity effect create additional winding resistance and losses. 
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2. . 
Each time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount of energy is lost due to 
hysteresis within the core. For a given core material, the loss is proportional to 
the frequency, and is a function of the peak flux density to which it is subjected. 
3. . 
Ferromagnetic materials are also good conductors, and a solid core made from 
such a material also constitutes a single short-circuited turn throughout its entire 
length. Eddy currents therefore circulate within the core in a plane normal to the 
flux, and are responsible for resistive heating of the core material. The eddy 
current loss is a complex function of the square of supply frequency and inverse 
square of the material thickness. 
4. . 
Magnetic flux in a ferromagnetic material, such as the core, causes it to 
physically expand and contract slightly with each cycle of the magnetic field, an 
effect known as magnetostriction. This produces the buzzing sound commonly 
associated with transformers, and in turn causes losses due to frictional heating 
in susceptible cores. 
5.  
In addition to magnetostriction, the alternating magnetic field causes fluctuating 
electromagnetic forces between the primary and secondary windings. These 
incite vibrations within nearby metalwork, adding to the buzzing noise, and 
consuming a small amount of power. 
6.  
Leakage inductance is by itself lossless, since energy supplied to its magnetic 
fields is returned to the supply with the next half-cycle. However, any leakage 
flux that intercepts nearby conductive materials such as the transformer's support 
structure will give rise to eddy currents and be converted to heat. 
Language work 
Exercise 6 Complete the sentences by finding the missing letters 
1. E.m is the physics of the electromagnetic field: 
a field which exerts a force on particles that possess the property of 
electric charge. 
2. In electromagnetism, p..y is the degree of 
magnetization of a material that responds linearly to an applied magnetic 
field. 
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3. Magnetic flux l.e (MFL) is a magnetic method of 
nondestructive testing that is used to detect corrosion and pitting in steel 
structures. 
4. Wg resistance and motor current produce power loss 
in the form of heat and motor temperature rise (TPR). 
5. Resistive h..g has possible advantages compared with 
other active warming systems because it can heat several fields 
independently. 
6. If an alternating magnetic field is applied to the material, its 
magnetization will trace out a loop called a h..s 
loop. 
7. The goal of placing electromagnetic shields in the distribution transformer 
tank walls is to reduce the s..y losses. 
8. Although e..y currents can be induced in any electrical 
conductor, the effect is most pronounced in solid metallic conductors. 
9. F..c materials have a large and positive 
susceptibility to an external magnetic field. 
10. M.n is the changing of a material's physical 
dimensions in response to changing its magnetization. 
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 Unit 5 electricity generation 
Vocabulary and Pronunciation 
Exercise 1 Match English terms and Vietnamese translations 
English Vietnamese 
1. Electricity generation Sự đốt cháy 
2. power station Nhà máy điện 
3. electromechanical generator Sự phát điện 
4. heat engines Máy phát điện cơ 
5. combustion Sự phân hạt nhân 
6. nuclear fission Động năng 
7. kinetic energy Pin quang điện mặt trời 
8. solar photovoltaics Hơi nóng, hơi nước 
9. turbines Động cơ nhiệt 
10. Steam Nhiên liệu hóa thạch 
11. fossil fuel Đập thủy điện 
12. biomass Tuốc bin 
13. Geothermal power Lực của thủy triều 
14. hydroelectric dam Năng lượng địa nhiệt 
15. tidal force Dầu mỏ 
16. chimney Sinh chất, sinh khối 
17. petroleum ống khói 
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Exercise 2 T.S 1 Listen and practise 
1.Electricity generation 6. nuclear fission 11. fossil fuel 16. tidal force 
2. power station 7. kinetic energy 12. biomass 17.Solar updraft 
tower 
3.electromechanical 
generator 
8. solar photovoltaics 13. solar parabolic 
trough 
18. chimney 
4. heat engines 9. turbines 14. Geothermal 
power 
19. solar thermal 
energy 
5. combustion 10. Steam 15. hydroelectric 
dam 
20. petroleum 
Exercise 3 T.S 2 Listen and complete the sentences by selecting the correct 
word from the box to fill in the gap 
Electricity 
generation 
nuclear fission fossil fuel tidal force 
 power station kinetic energy biomass Solar updraft 
tower 
electromechanical 
generator 
solar 
photovoltaics 
solar parabolic 
trough 
 chimney 
heat engines turbines Geothermal power solar thermal 
energy 
combustion Steam hydroelectric dam petroleum 
1. Combined cycle gas plants are driven by both steam and 
gas. 
2. Fluid-based magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generation has been 
studied as a method for extracting electrical power from nuclear reactors and 
also from more conventional fuel systems. 
3. Sources of electricity in the U.S. in 2006;  
generation (mainly coal) was the largest source. 
4. Electrochemical is also important in 
portable and mobile applications. 
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5. Until recently, ..were most commonly used in remote 
sites where there is no access to a commercial power grid, or as a 
supplemental electricity source for individual homes and businesses. 
listening 
Exercise 4 T.S 3 Listen to the following passage and write down the missing 
words 
Electricity generation is the process of .. (1) 
non-electrical energy to electricity. For electric utilities, it is the first process in 
the delivery of . .. (2) consumers. The other 
processes, electric power transmission and electricity distribution, are normally 
carried out by the electrical .. (3) industry. Electricity 
is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical 
.. (4) , primarily driven by heat engines fueled by 
chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the 
kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. There are many other 
.. (5) that can be and are used to generate electricity 
such as solar photovoltaics. 
reading 
Exercise 5 Read the following passage and choose a suitable word from the 
box to fill in the gap. 
Water Hot gas turbines heating 
drive Steam Wind heat engines 
 Methods of generating electricity
Most electric generation is driven by .. (1). The 
combustion of fossil fuels supplies most of the heat to these engines, with a 
significant fraction from nuclear fission. Virtually all of the heat engines just 
mentioned are .. (2) . Other types of turbines can be 
driven by wind or falling water. All turbines are driven by a fluid acting as an 
intermediate energy carrier. These fluids can be: 
• .. (3) - Water is boiled by nuclear fission, the 
burning of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, or petroleum) or biomass. Some 
power plants use the sun as the heat source: solar parabolic troughs and 
solar power towers concentrate sunlight to heat a heat transfer fluid, 
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which is then used to produce steam. Another renewable source of heat 
used to .. (4) a turbine is Geothermal power. 
Either steam under pressure emerges from the ground and drives a turbine 
or hot water evaporates a low boiling liquid to create vapour to drive a 
turbine. 
• .. (5) (hydroelectric) - Turbine blades are acted 
upon by flowing water, produced by hydroelectric dams or tidal forces. 
• .. (6) - Most wind turbines generate electricity 
from naturally occurring wind. Solar updraft towers use wind that is 
artificially produced inside the chimney by .. 
(7) it with sunlight, and are more properly seen as forms of solar thermal 
energy. 
• .. (8) (gas turbine) - Turbines are driven 
directly by gases produced by the combustion of natural gas or oil. 
Exercise 6 Complete the sentences by finding the missing letters 
1. P.m engineering refers to the subsurface engineering 
activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either 
crude oil or gas. 
2. Electricity g..n is the process of converting non-electrical 
energy to electricity. 
3. A power s..n (also referred to as power plant) is an industrial 
facility for the generation of electric power. 
4. The steam t.e is a very important engine, used in powerplants 
to produce current. 
5. An e..l generator converts mechanical vibrational 
energy into electrical energy. 
6. A heat ee typically uses energy provided in the form of 
heat to do work and then exhausts the heat which cannot be used to do 
work. 
7. C..n or burning is a complex sequence of exothermic 
chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the 
production of heat or both heat and light in the form of either a glow or 
flames. 
8. Pc technology makes use of the abundant energy 
in the sun, and it has little impact on our environment. 
9. Formed from plants and animals that lived up to 300 million years ago, 
f..l fuels are found in deposits beneath the earth. 
10. There are three g..l power plant technologies being used 
to convert hydrothermal fluids to electricity.